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No parent wants their child to suffer a dog bite, and new research offers some guidance on which dogs are the riskiest around young kids.
The body size and head shape of dogs affect the bite and injury risk they pose, the researchers found.
Weight and head shape
For the study, the investigators examined 15 years of visits for facial dog bites at two emergency departments, and more than 45 years of data from different dog bite studies.
“Because we often didn’t know what type of dog was involved in these incidents, we looked at things like weight and head shape,” explained study author Dr Garth Essig, an otolaryngologist at Ohio State’s Wexner Medical Center, in Columbus.
“We wanted to provide families with data to help them determine the risk to their children and inform them on which types of dogs do well in households with kids,” Essig explained in a medical centre news release.
Certain dog breeds are known to be more likely to bite and to cause more serious injuries, but the breed was unknown in about 60% of dog bite cases analysed by the researchers.
Bite injuries from pit bulls were the most frequent and most severe, followed by mixed-breed dogs and German shepherds, the findings showed.
The researchers also identified the physical traits of dogs that pose a higher bite and injury risk.
Children more at risk
For example, dogs weighing more than 30kg and those with more of a square-shaped head – such as a chow chow or pug – were more likely to bite and cause serious injury.
Each year in the United States, nearly five million people suffer dog bites, and children have a much higher risk than adults.
Children should be taught how to safely interact with dogs, the study authors said.
Meghan Herron is an associate professor of clinical services at Ohio State’s College of Veterinary Medicine. She explained that “people often think that leaning forward and reaching out their hand for the dog to smell is the right thing to do, but in reality that can actually be threatening to the dog”.
Herron suggested that, “instead, ask the dog owner for permission to pet their dog, then turn to the side, crouch down on your knees, pat your leg and let the dog come to you.”
The study findings were published recently in the International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology.
Image credit: iStock
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President Cyril Ramaphosa wants to cross-examine DA leader Mmusi Maimane and other witnesses interviewed by Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane as part of her investigation into the Bosasa donation saga.
Maimane laid a complaint with the Public Protector in November last year, alleging the president had misled the National Assembly when he responded to a follow-up question by Maimane over a R500 000 payment from Bosasa, incorrectly believed to have been to Ramaphosa’s son, Andile.
On Tuesday, Mkhwebane – in response to a demand by Maimane that she release the “full and unredacted” investigation report into the Ramaphosa/Bosasa debacle – confirmed that Ramaphosa wanted to cross-examine witnesses she had interviewed.
This includes Maimane.
“Using my discretion in terms of Section 7 (9) of the Public Protector Act, I have requested President Ramaphosa to provide the questions they would want to ask, so that I can determine whether it is justifiable to allow that,” Mkhwebane’s letter reads.
Adverse findings
She also confirms she had issued Ramaphosa with a notice in terms of Section 7 (9) on May 30, 2019, giving him 10 days to respond to what are believed to be adverse findings against him.
Ramaphosa requested an extension to June 28, the letter states.
Mkhwebane said she had granted Ramaphosa an extension to June 21 to respond to the notice, “subsequent to which I can finalise my investigation and issue the report”.
A spokesperson for Maimane, Azola Mboniswa, on Wednesday said it was clear Ramaphosa was embroiled in a corruption scandal, and was employing Jacob Zuma-style tactics of questioning the complainants and whistleblowers, instead of dealing with the issues.
“We would, however, be jumping the gun if we spoke about whether Mr Maimane will submit himself for cross-examination or not. We have received no formal communication requesting this – all we have is an update from the Public Protector. When that finally comes, Mr Maimane will seek legal advice,” Mboniswa said.
A brief history of how the Bosasa/Ramaphosa saga unfolded:
Maimane confronted Ramaphosa with a signed affidavit by Peet Venter, a former auditor of now well-known and corruption-accused facilities management company, Bosasa during a question-and-answer session in Parliament in November 2018.
Venter alleged in the affidavit that he paid R500 000 to the “Andile Ramaphosa Foundation”, on the instruction of Bosasa CEO Gavin Watson, in October 2017, an attached a proof of payment.
Ramaphosa responded that he was made aware of this issue, and had questioned his son Andile “at close range” over the contract he had with Bosasa.
That same afternoon, Andile Ramaphosa told News24 he had never seen a cent of the R500 000, revealing crucially that his father had responded incorrectly to the National Assembly.
Days later, after News24 discovered the true owner of the bank account on the proof of payment (Sandton law firm, Edelstein Farber Grobler), and sent questions to the law firm in question, Ramaphosa sent a letter to the speaker of Parliament, correcting his oral reply.
The manner in which the donation was made, through a Bosasa front company named Miotto Trading and Advisory Services (owned by Venter’s sister, Margaret Longworth) was also highlighted by News24.
Ramaphosa explained that he had got it wrong.
The R500 000 in question was never for his son, but a donation toward his CR17 ANC presidential campaign.
The EFG account was used to house his campaign donations, and he had only become aware of this when his campaign managers pointed this out to him.
The Sunday Independent reported over the weekend that a preliminary version of Mkhwebane’s report found Ramaphosa had “inadvertently” misled Parliament and had failed to declare the R500 000 donation to his CR17 campaign by Watson.
According to the report, Mkhwebane had found Ramaphosa violated the Constitution and the Executive Ethics Act.
ALSO READ: Clear and Present Danger – Ramaphosa, Bosasa and the Mkhwebane quandary
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PRETORIA, Tuesday 11 June 2019 – SARS welcomes the judgement handed down against Mr. Mark Roy Lifman and 35 applicants in the Western Cape High Court today, Tuesday 11 June 2019.
This follows the stay application brought by Lifman to prevent SARS from proceeding with collection action.
In 2015 SARS had initiated collection steps against Lifman. But the unit executing the investigation was disbanded in 2016.
Lifman’s application was based on his allegation that exceptional circumstances existed in that SARS committed to conduct an internal review and reconsider the assessments issued. He said this was communicated to Lifman by an Auditor in SARS’ Cape Town office.
SARS can confirm that the action of the auditor was irregular and the individual has subsequently left the organization.
The High Court confirmed the following:
This judgment allows SARS to proceed with collection steps against the Lifman and the applicants.