Sources of Income for Funds

Income funds focus more on providing investors with strong levels of income rather than capital growth. The main source of income for income funds are interest and dividends. Interest income is usually received in the form of coupon payments received from bonds, debentures, notes, preference shares and money market instruments in the fund. The fund reinvests this income and then periodically distributes it to investors on pre-determined distribution dates that could be monthly, quarterly or semi-annually. These dates are available on the fund fact sheet (minimum disclosure document).

Income funds can also invest in property. Individuals often buy property as a source of income. The property is bought and then put up for rent to receive the monthly rental income. Income funds are no different and invest in property companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. These listed property companies receive rental income from their property portfolios and also make profits from selling property. This income and profits are then paid out as dividends. Another group of property companies known as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have to pay out at least 75% of its income to shareholders. It’s important to note that the payments from REITs are taxed as income while dividends from listed property- and equity companies are subject to dividend withholding tax. Unit trusts will indicate how the income is split between interest and dividends.

Why Yield is Important

The yield of an investment is the rate at which you earn income on your investment. If you invested R10 000 in a fund and over one year the fund pays out a total of R1 000, then the yield of the fund is 10% (1 000 ÷ 10 000). Now why is it so important to know what your yield is on an investment?

The main objective of investments is to create wealth or at least to preserve it. The value of R100 today is certainly worth more than the value of R100 you will receive five years from now. That’s because money loses value or purchasing power over time due to inflation. A smart investor knows that to create wealth, you first need to beat inflation. The return on income funds is predominantly measured by its yield and this usually is an indicator of the income you can expect to receive from the fund over the next year. The yield of your investment should therefore be higher than inflation and this difference is known as the real return (or spread above inflation).

Investor Profile

Income funds are mostly used as the low-risk portion of a portfolio aimed at generating cash flow for the investor. Someone looking to cover day to day expenses with their investment should consider an income fund, as these funds generally pay out income monthly or quarterly.

Income funds offer investors a return that beats inflation (currently about 5.5%) with little variability in the return. Your money is also readily accessible and funds can be withdrawn within a couple of days, giving the investor liquidity in case of an emergency. This makes income funds an attractive alternative to bank savings accounts that normally offers lower returns, and fixed deposits that lock you in for a set term and offers lower returns. The time horizon for income funds is generally short term (shorter than three years) and longer term investors should consider adding growth assets to their portfolio to maximise return. If you are looking to save for a down payment on a house or that overseas holiday you have been promising yourself, then an income fund is a great option to consider.

The Sharenet Income Plus Fund offers investors the opportunity to invest in an income fund that has returned more than 9.40% over the past year to supplement your income or to help to make your dreams come true.

Fund of funds (FoF) are unit trusts that invest in other unit trusts managed by different fund managers. Fund of funds are often referred to as multi-manager funds due to the fund’s exposure to multiple fund managers. The manager of the FoF selects the underlying funds and manages the asset allocation of the FoF. Investors are often sceptic about the value added by FoF managers that can justify the extra layer of management fees on top of the management fees from the underlying investments. The reality is that an excellent FoF manager can add value in many areas.

Asset Allocation

The FoF manager monitors the asset allocation of the fund daily to ensure the fund is well positioned for prevailing market conditions. The manager will for instance increase exposure to equity when expecting the asset class to outperform. Not all FoF managers actively manage the asset allocation, but those that do are usually experts in moving capital across asset classes. FoF managers can also select the best fund managers within each asset class. An asset management company that is excellent in managing equity funds, may not have the same level of expertise in managing fixed income funds. Combining funds this way may be out of reach for certain investors due to high minimum investment amounts. An investor can hence access the best of breed managers in each asset class by investing in a FoF.

Manager Selection

FoF managers have systems and processes in place to conduct a thorough due diligence on fund managers considered for inclusion into the FoF. Analysing fund managers generally consists of two steps. The first being a quantitative analysis of the fund manager’s performance and investment style to determine if the fund is a viable option for inclusion into the FoF. The next step is an intensive due diligence into the fund manager and the investment team. This often includes a visit to the offices of the fund manager and completing a questionnaire on the company’s investment process. This should help the FoF manager make the best choice when comparing and selecting funds to invest in.

Investment Style Diversification

Adding multiple fund managers into a single fund provides diversification across asset classes and investment styles. Fund managers have unique investment styles that follow a certain approach/strategy. Differing strategies will respond differently to certain market conditions. That means an investment strategy (like value investing) might do well in one year but could underperform in the next due to changing market conditions. This is where diversification comes into play. By combining investment strategies, you can offset the negative impact of a certain kind of strategy during the different market cycles and increase the stability of your return.

Lower Underlying Manager Fees

Fund of funds has scale and a lot more assets under management than a retail investor. This means they are in a strong position to negotiate management fees of the underlying funds they invest in. Sometimes the fund that is being considered for inclusion into the FoF will have an institutional fee class that charges a lower management fee than the retail fee class. These institutional fee classes have high minimum investment amounts that are out of reach for retail investors. By utilising institutional fee classes, a fund of funds can significantly lower its cost (measured by the Total Expense Ratio or TER).

No Capital Gains Tax When Switching

Fund of funds can switch capital from one fund to another without triggering Capital Gains Tax (CGT). Retail investors, on the other hand, will need to pay CGT if they switch from one fund to another and there was a profit on the fund being sold. If the investor decides to rather invest in a fund of fund, then the only time the investor could be liable to pay CGT is when selling units of the fund of fund. That means you don’t have to be concerned about being in the wrong fund because switches within the fund of funds trigger no CGT. View our tax in unit trusts article for more details on the tax treatment of unit trusts.

Conclusion

Fund of funds can certainly add value to investors with the most prominent trade-off being the fees that are usually higher versus the increased stability of portfolio return. The scale that fund of funds has could reduce overall fees, meaning a smaller cost for all the additional benefits. Some of the benefits include diversification, especially for investors with a low investment amount, and strong selection that should deliver superior performance. There is also no capital gains tax for a FoF when switching between funds.

Sharenet Investments manages three fund of funds that are registered South African unit trusts. The Sharenet BCI Conservative FoF has low levels of equity for the conservative investor. The Sharenet BCI Moderate FoF has more exposure to equity than the Conservative fund and is suitable for investors with a moderate risk profile. For the more aggressive wealth seekers, there is the Sharenet BCI Aggressive FoF that can invest up to 75% in equity and aims to grow wealth over the long term.

The Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) is the largest stock exchange in Africa (and 17^th largest in the world), yet the entire African continent only accounts for 1.5% of global stock market value. Other asset classes like SA bonds and property also only make up a fraction of the global value. Taking advantage of investment opportunities offshore means that you as an investor not only diversify your country risk, you also get exposure to some of the fastest growing and exciting industries globally, many of which you are probably making use of every day.

Source: Visual Capitalist

You could have found this article through a search on Google that led you to Sharenet Views. Your computer, possibly manufactured by Dell, uses Windows software that Microsoft produces. Or perhaps you are reading it on your Apple iPhone. These companies are all publicly traded companies that you can invest in. Is technology not your thing? Well then perhaps transport is. If you drive an Audi or Polo you can invest in Volkswagen. Maybe you’re thinking electric cars are the future, so why not invest in Tesla? If an automobile is thinking too small for you, then go with airplanes instead and invest in Boeing. These industries are not available on the local market, but fortunately, the offshore market is now available on your doorstep and there are a few simple ways to gain access to it.

#1 Open a trading account that allows access to foreign stock markets

This is an option only confident investors should consider. Many who try picking companies on the JSE will find that it’s not that easy sifting through nearly 500 companies and picking a winner. Now imagine having to go through that exercise with over 5 500 companies listed in the US alone. If you think you have what it takes, there are brokers in SA that offer access to foreign stock exchanges.

#2 Invest directly in a foreign unit trust

You may not have the skills or time to make the best stock picks in the global market, so why not leave that to the professionals. There are thousands of funds to choose from, but knowing which one is best suitable for you is a daunting task. In addition, you will need to get SARB approval to take your money offshore, adding more time to an already administrative intense process.

#3 Invest in a locally domiciled global unit trust

This is by far the easiest method for the South African investor to gain exposure to international markets. There are unit trusts domiciled in South Africa, meaning you make your investment in ZAR. The fund managers of these funds then convert that ZAR to foreign currencies, like USD, to buy assets in offshore markets. Your investment exposure is in a foreign asset and currency, but your statement always reflects the ZAR value of your exposure. If you feel that you don’t have the required expertise or time to decide which fund to invest in, you could consider a global fund-of-funds where the portfolio manager picks the combination of global funds he/she thinks will deliver the best performance. The Sharenet BCI Global Balanced FoF is a good example of this type of investment.

#4 Buy a global exchange traded fund (ETF)

It is easy for local investors to buy an ETF either through a trading account (like Sharenet Securities), LISP or directly from the provider. A global ETF is a passive investment and tracks a global market index. ETF’s are listed locally, meaning you make your investment in ZAR and get your money back in ZAR when you sell, but you get the exposure to the foreign asset and the return from it. There are assorted options available to local investors that could give you exposure to specific regions.

Conclusion

Investment into international markets has never been easier for South African investors and global brands like Apple and Facebook are virtually at your fingertips. It provides a valuable addition to your portfolio, with fast-growing sectors abroad that could offset weakness from a stagnant South African economy. It also provides good diversification away from political risk specific to SA and it’s easily accessible through several channels that require little admin and time.

Asset allocation of balanced funds

Balanced funds generally seek to maximise risk-adjusted return. This means that the fund manager needs to construct a portfolio that could generate attractive returns while reducing the likelihood of making losses. This is achieved by including different asset classes in the portfolio like local or international equity, bonds and property.

The asset split depends on the aggressiveness of the fund’s mandate i.e. whether the goal is capital preservation or growth. A fund that aims to generate capital growth will allocate a higher proportion of assets to equity. This makes the fund more aggressive and adds risk, but also has the potential to deliver higher return. If the aim is to preserve capital by beating inflation, then the fund manager will allocate less of the portfolio to equity and buy less risky assets like bonds and money market instruments.

Fund managers can actively manage the asset allocation of the portfolio or elect to keep the asset split near pre-determined weights. The benefit of actively managing the asset allocation is that fund managers can purchase the asset class that is expected to deliver the highest return. If there is pessimism in equity markets then the fund manager can switch from equity into bonds and cash to avoid losses. This method has higher transaction costs and adds the risk that the fund manager makes a bad call on selecting asset classes. Therefore, fund managers often hold the portfolio’s construction close to its strategic weight. The strategic weight of the portfolio is the asset split that has historically delivered the most attractive return for a certain level of risk over the long term.

How to Choose Between the Types of Balanced Funds

Balanced funds can be divided into different risk categories ranging from cautious to aggressive. One method for investors to distinguish between these categories is to look at the sector that the fund is classified in. Most Balanced funds are divided into four sectors namely, Multi-Asset Flexible, Multi-Asset High Equity, Multi-Asset Medium Equity, Multi-Asset Low Equity.

The Multi-Asset Flexible sector includes funds that have flexibility in their asset allocations. The Sharenet BCI Flexible Fund can be placed in this category. Most flexible funds are managed with active asset allocation and aims to maximise long term growth. Some fund managers in this sector use the flexibility of switching between asset classes to manage the risk in their portfolios.

The Multi-Asset High Equity sector is the category of funds most popular among retirement savers. Funds within this category are limited to a maximum of 75% in equity and the funds eligible for retirement savers have an additional limit of 25% international exposure. The Sharenet BCI Balanced Fund is a great option if you are looking for this type of fund. High Equity Balanced Funds are designed to grow capital over the long term while diversifying across asset classes to add more stability to returns. Investors with a moderate to aggressive risk profile, like those saving for retirement, are most suited to these funds. If you are looking for a step-by-step guide on how to invest for retirement then read our article on Saving for Retirement.

Funds in the High Equity sector usually don’t generate enough income for investors looking to periodically withdraw money. These investors can find cautious funds in the Medium-and Low Equity sectors that allocate more to income generating assets. The funds are typically used by investors who have already retired and provide more stability in returns with a constant stream of income.

Conclusion

There are multiple strategies used by balanced fund managers with a degree of asset allocation decisions faced by each fund. Some fund managers are very active when it comes to switching between asset classes like equity and cash while others prefer to stick to an allocation that does its job in delivering attractive returns over time.

There are mainly three types of balanced funds split into different risk categories (cautious, moderate and aggressive). Sharenet offers its clients a simple entry into one of these fund categories with its fund of funds range:

Cautious – Sharenet BCI Conservative FoF

Moderate – Sharenet BCI Moderate FoF

Aggressive – Sharenet BCI Aggressive FoF